Name | Gardenia Yellow |
Synonyms | Crocine CCRIS 7705 GARDENIA YELLOW Gardenia Yellow GARDENIAPIGMENT Kuchinashi yellow Rikecolor Kuchinashi 20 Gardenia Yellow Solution,1000ppm |
CAS | 94238-00-3 |
EINECS | 601-063-2 |
Molecular Formula | C44H64O24 |
Molar Mass | 976.96456 |
Physical and Chemical Properties | Solubility: soluble in water, ethanol and other polar solvents, difficult to dissolve in benzene, gasoline and other non-polar solvents. Since the acid in Gardenia yellow is an acidic component, the solubility of the pigment in alkaline solution is larger. Form: yellow objects, liquid or pasty or even yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder. Spectral Characteristics: UV visible region of Gardenia yellow aqueous solution has three absorption peaks: 238, 325, 440nm, respectively, is the geniposide, chlorogenic acid, crocidin and acid characteristics of absorption peaks. The aqueous solution has a maximum absorption peak at 440nm. |
introduction | gardenia yellow pigment is an excellent natural pigment extracted and separated from gardenia fruit. it is bright in color, non-toxic, stable, strong in dyeing ability, and has the effects of clearing away heat and fire, cooling blood and promoting bile, lowering cholesterol and anti-cancer health care. |
Main ingredient | Gardenia yellow pigment is a mixed pigment, and its main ingredients are carotenoid crocin and crocetin (crocetin), due to the existence of multiple conjugated double bonds in the molecule, on the one hand, it gives saffron yellow, but on the other hand, it is also one of the reasons for its instability. In addition to the above two main components, it also contains iridoid glycosides mainly composed of Jingping diglycosides. Other impurities include chlorogenic acid (which darkens the color), pectin, protein, and viscous substances such as oleic acid phytosterols and lipids. |
characteristics | 1. good stability and strong coloring force gardenia yellow pigment has good reduction resistance, microorganism resistance, light resistance and heat resistance, pH value has little color change in the range of 4-11, and is stable to metal ions (adverse effects of iron removal); The dyeing effect is good. 2. safety and pharmacological activity in 1998, the Ministry of health announced that it was the first batch of varieties that were both food and drugs. Gardenia yellow has the effects of clearing away heat and fire, cooling blood and choleretic, and lowering cholesterol. It has certain health care functions. It is a natural plant pigment that integrates coloring, nutrition and health care. Gardenia yellow pigment has inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, meningococcus, gonorrhoeae, catecoccus, etc., has antibacterial and antiviral effects; it has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on soft tissue damage, and has anti-inflammatory effects; It is the first choice for the clinical treatment of jaundice hepatitis with traditional Chinese medicine in my country, and has a choleretic effect. The effective rate of clinical treatment of acute viral hepatitis and icteric hepatitis is over 80%. 3. Nutritional value Gardenia yellow pigment is a rare water-soluble carotenoid, which is easily absorbed by the human body and can supplement the deficiency of human vitamins. It is a nutritional colorant. |
Plant source | Gardenia, also known as Gardenia, Yellow Gardenia, White Toad Flower, Yue Tao, Mu Dan, Chen Zi, is an evergreen shrub of Rubiaceae. The extracted pigment comes from the Gardenia GardeniajasminoidesEllis of the Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae) plant and the medicinal fruits of various plants of the same genus. Its shape is oval or oval, and it is golden or yellow-red when mature. It has been used in ancient my country Chinese medicine, Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" has been recorded in detail. fig. 1 shows gardenia fruit. |
application field | since ancient times, gardenia and fruits have been used as dyes. in Yunnan ethnic minorities in China, gardenia is used to dye rice cakes, and japanese folk use gardenia extract to dye longevity noodles, etc. 1. Food industry Traditionally, gardenia yellow pigment is mainly used for coloring flour products. In recent years, it has made use of its good dyeing property to protein and starch. Gardenia yellow pigment has also been widely used in candy, honey money, ice cream and other foods. In the comprehensive development of gardenia yellow pigment, at present, Japan has blended gardenia yellow pigment and gardenia blue pigment into green pigment and obtained good economic benefits. Gardenia yellow pigment has excellent dyeing ability for protein, starch, etc., and can be widely used in cakes, candies, flour, beverages, jelly, biscuits, ice cream and other foods. 2. Printing and dyeing industry Xi Deng et al. studied the dyeing of gardenia yellow pigment against silk and nylon fabric, and described in detail the change of color tone in dyeing, which laid a foundation for gardenia yellow pigment in the field of fabric dyeing. 3. Cosmetic industry Liu Xinmin discussed the feasibility of gardenia yellow pigment applied to cosmetics, and believed that gardenia yellow pigment has already met the conditions for application in cosmetics industry, and discussed the specific conditions and scope of its application in cosmetics industry. 4. Pharmaceutical industry Gardenia yellow pigment in addition to the pigment ingredients can be colored, but also contains a certain amount of blood, blood circulation, blood stasis, pain relief, blood pressure and other high medical value, expensive saffron acid, geniposide, can be applied to the pharmaceutical industry. |
stability influencing factors | factors such as heat, light, oxygen and oxidant all have different degrees of influence on the stability of pigment. Therefore, it is of great guiding significance for the processing, storage, transportation, development and application of gardenia yellow to explore the degree and law of stability change of gardenia yellow pigment under different conditions. 1. pH value: Its color tone is almost not affected by changes in environmental pH value, and it can maintain a stable yellow color within the range of pH = 3-9. When pH = 4.0-6.0 or 8.0-11.0, it is more stable than β-carotene, especially under alkaline conditions, yellow is more vivid. Light resistance and heat resistance are good when neutral or alkaline, but the thermal stability is poor when the pH is less than 4, and the light resistance is weakened when the pH is less than 5. 2. Heating: The powder pigment is relatively stable within 120 ℃; The thermal stability of liquid pigment is worse than that of powder. During the production and processing of pigment, the temperature should be controlled within 80 ℃ for no more than 0.5h. The storage of pigment should be powder. 3. Light: Due to the existence of multiple conjugated double bonds in the molecule, gardenia yellow pigment has certain instability to light. It is quite stable under indoor dark conditions, but not very stable under direct sunlight. 4. Metal ions: In addition to iron ions, manganese ions, stannous ions, magnesium ions, calcium ions, and aluminum ions have little effect on the pigment, and the pigment is stable. The concentration of 50ppm iron ion has no obvious effect on the color tone of the pigment, but increasing the concentration of iron ion will make the pigment solution turn dark brown. 5. Common food additives: Common food additives have no obvious effect on pigments. When mixed with common food additives, gardenia yellow pigment is quite stable and is more stable in antioxidants and preservatives. 6. Impurities: Usually gardenia yellow pigment contains a small amount of chlorogenic acid, geniposide and other impurities, which seriously affect the coloring performance of gardenia yellow pigment. In practice, it is found that when gardenia yellow pigment is used in food with flour as the main raw material, it often turns green to blue, and iridoid glycosides make flour products green. |
extraction and separation | 1. water extraction gardenia yellow pigment contains hydrophilic groups, is easily soluble in water, and can be extracted by soaking in water. Water extraction extracts 20% ~ 50% slurry through crushing, degreasing, leaching, filtration and concentration. The method has the advantages of simple process, low investment and low production cost, but the method produces low purity of pigment, poor appearance quality, the product is 20% to 50% slurry, difficult to refine, the use value is not big. 2. organic solvent extraction because gardenia yellow and geniposide are soluble in water and lower alcohols, the leaching agent uses alcohol-water mixed solvent. By leaching gardenia yellow pigment and geniposide with different solvents at different temperatures, it is found that the extraction effect of 50% (volume fraction) methanol-water mixed solvent is better at normal temperature. 3. microwave extraction Yao zhongming et al. studied the extraction process of gardenia yellow pigment. The traditional extraction process was improved, that is, the optimization process conditions were determined by single factor and orthogonal experiments. The process conditions of microwave extraction of gardenia yellow pigment were studied. The extraction power 210W, 500g/L ethanol aqueous solution was used as extraction agent, the extraction time was 80s, the extraction stage was 2, and the solid-liquid ratio was 1:2. The extraction rate of pigment reached 98.4%. superior to traditional craft. 4. Ultrasonic extraction method Koryo et al. studied the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of gardenia pigment. Compared with the traditional extraction process, this process has the advantages of high extraction rate, high color price, high purity, saving raw materials, saving time, room temperature extraction, and good product quality. It is especially suitable for the extraction of thermally unstable substances. 5. Supercritical extraction (SFE) method Zhang Dequan et al. focused on the effects of extraction pressure, temperature, time, CO2 flow rate and entrainer on the OD value ratio of gardenia yellow pigment under supercritical state in the study of extracting gardenia yellow pigment using CO2SFE technology. The results showed that high temperature, high pressure and adding entrainer were conducive to reducing the OD value ratio of gardenia yellow pigment and achieving the purpose of refining. |
content determination | 1. ultraviolet spectrophotometry China promulgated and implemented the national standards for the determination of food additive-gardenia yellow and gardenia yellow in food in 1987 and 1998 respectively. In the 1987 standard, the color value and OD value were used as the indicators for the quality evaluation and control of gardenia yellow. The calculation of the color value was to measure the absorbance of a certain concentration of gardenia yellow aqueous solution at 440nm. The A1 calculated by the formula A1 = A * 10/G was the color value. The higher the excellent value, the better. The lower the latter two indicators, the purer the gardenia yellow pigment. Where A1 is the absorbance of the powder sample, A is the absorbance of the test solution, G is the weight of the powder sample (g):OD value = A238/A440, and OD value less than 04 is qualified. Because ultraviolet cannot be accurately quantified, this method cannot effectively become the quantitative standard of Gardenia yellow, or caffin. 2.HPLC In 1982, pfander et al. used HPLC for the first time to determine porin. Since then, several cases have been reported abroad to improve and perfect the HPLC method. Wang Chunfang et al. used high performance liquid chromatography to determine the content of crocin, the main pigment component in Gardenia jasminoides and Gardenia jasminoides, and compared the purity of the chromatographic peak and the consistency of the chromatographic peak spectra. in the 1998 standard, geniposide was used as a reference substance to quantify gardenia yellow pigment by HPLC, but there is still a lack of effective quantitative standards for the main components of gardenia yellow pigment, crocin. |
market situation | gardenia yellow is a natural food pigment, and its demand at home and abroad is increasing year by year. At present, the global total production of gardenia yellow pigment is insufficient, the demand gap is large, resulting in high prices. Restricted by the suitability of planting areas, the area where gardenia can be planted is limited. In a long period of time in the future, the shortage of gardenia yellow pigment may be difficult to change, and the contradiction of product supply and demand will exist for a long time. |